The Last Dance Chapter One Free Essays

It is Palmer who reaches, close to the furthest limit of September. He tells Cynthia on the phone that he’s had a transoceanic call from Norman Zimmer, who’s delivering a melodic dependent on Jenny’s Room, is she acquainted with . . We will compose a custom paper test on The Last Dance Chapter One or on the other hand any comparative theme just for you Request Now . ? â€Å"Yes, he’s been in touch,† Cynthia says. â€Å"I hate to trouble you this way,† he says, â€Å"but from what I comprehend, the undertaking might be slowed down on account of your father’s intransigence.† â€Å"Yes, I know.† â€Å"It appears to be a disgrace, doesn’t it?† he says. â€Å"All these individuals who’d remain to win a little money.† â€Å"I know,† Cynthia says. â€Å"Couldn’t you talk with him?† â€Å"I have,† she says. â€Å"He won’t budge.† â€Å"It appears to be a pity.† â€Å"He’s ensuring Jessica, you see.† â€Å"Who’s that?† â€Å"Jessica Miles. The lady who composed the first play. He feels she wouldn’t have needed the melodic done again.† â€Å"Really? Why’s that?† 263 I3d McBain â€Å"Because it was so awful.† â€Å"Oh, I don’t think in this way, do youl I’ve read my grandfather’s book, and I’ve additionally heard the melodies. It’s actually very great, you know. Plus, they’re having new tunes composed, and another book, andâ€well, it’s really a disgrace. Since I think it has a great shot, you know. I figure we would all be able to turn out to be very rich, really. In the event that it’s done.† There is a popping on the line. She attempts to imagine London. She has never been there. She envisions fireplace pots and cobblestoned roads. She envisions men with sediment recolored collars and ladies in long hour-glass outfits. She envisions Big Ben tolling the hour, regattas on the Thames. She envisions every one of these things. What's more, envisions going there one day. â€Å"Couldn’t you please talk with him again?† Palmer says. It is she who makes the following call, at some point from the get-go in October. He has quite recently gotten back home from work, it is seven o’clock there in London, just two toward the evening here in America. He discloses to her he works for â€Å"the last of the distributers in Bedford Square,† a line she construes he has utilized frequently previously. Truth be told, there is something in particular about the manner in which he talks that makes everything sound contemplated and arranged, as though he has taken in a section and is only acting it. An absence of immediacy, she assumes, something that makes whatever he says appear to be fake and practiced, as though there is nothing of substance behind the words. â€Å"Have you seen him again?† he inquires. â€Å"Several times,† she says. â€Å"And?† â€Å"Dead end.† â€Å"Mmm.† â€Å"He won’t yield to common sense. He says the play is a sacrosanct trust. . .† â€Å"Nonsense.† â€Å"It’s what he believes.† 264 The Last Dance â€Å"She more likely than not composed it in the year dot.† â€Å"Nineteen twenty-three.† â€Å"Norman lets me know it’s ridiculous awful.† â€Å"My father thinks it’s just wonderful.† â€Å"Well, as the old house cleaner said when she kissed the dairy animals . . .† â€Å"It’s a disgrace this needed to go along seconds ago, however. The chance, I mean. To have the melodic revived.† â€Å"How do you mean?† â€Å"Well †¦ a long time from now would have been so much better.† â€Å"I don’t under . . .† â€Å"Never mind, I shouldn’t have said that.† â€Å"I’m sorry, I still don’t . . .† â€Å"It’s just . . . my dad isn’t in the best of wellbeing, you see.† â€Å"That’s too bad.† â€Å"And 7 unquestionably don’t have similar issues he has.† â€Å"Problems? What . . . ?† â€Å"With the play. With it being done as a melodic. I have no passionate connections to Jessica Miles, you see. I never at any point met the lady. What I’m saying is I don’t care at about her play. Truth be told, I’d love to see the melodic revived.† â€Å"But what’s a long time from now got to †¦ ?† â€Å"My father’s leaving the rights to me.† â€Å"Oh?† â€Å"To her play. At the point when he passes on. It’s in his will.† â€Å"I see.† â€Å"Yes.† There was a long quiet. â€Å"But† she said. â€Å"It isn’t quite a while from now, is it?† â€Å"No, it isn’t,† Palmer says. 265 Ed McBain â€Å"It’s now,† she says. â€Å"Yes,† he says. â€Å"So it is.† He calls her again on the eighteenth of October. It is 12 PM here in America, he advises her it’s five a.m. there in London, however he hasn’t had the option to rest. â€Å"I’ve been considering your father,† he says. â€Å"Me, too,† she says. â€Å"It appears to be such a pity he won’t relinquished those rights, doesn’t it? Excuse me, however have you made your position totally obvious to him? Have you revealed to him your sentiments about having this melodic done?† â€Å"Oh, truly, a thousand times.† â€Å"I mean †¦ he should acknowledge, don’t you envision, that the second he’s passed on †¦ excuse me †¦ you’ll do without a doubt what you like with the play. Doesn’t he understand that?† â€Å"I’m sure he does.† â€Å"It appears to be uncalled for, doesn’t it?† â€Å"It does.† â€Å"Especially since he’s in awful health.† â€Å"Two heart attacks.† â€Å"You’d think he’d hand over the play quickly, why wouldn’t he? With his gifts. Here you are, Cynthia, do with it as you wish.† â€Å"His just child,† Cynthia said. â€Å"One would think so.† â€Å"But he won’t.† â€Å"Well, when they get the chance to be a particular age . . .† â€Å"It isn’t that. He’s only an obstinate old dolt. Now and again I wish . . .† She allows the sentence to sentence. He pauses. â€Å"Sometimes I wish he’d bite the dust tomorrow,† she says. There is another quiet. â€Å"I’m sure you don’t mean that,† he says. 266 The Last Dance â€Å"I assume not.† â€Å"I’m sure you don’t.† â€Å"But I do,† she says. There is a Jamaican named Charles Colworthy who works in the sorting room with Palmer, and he realizes another Jamaican named Delroy Lewis, who knows one more Jamaican named John Bridges, who apparently is the thing that they call a â€Å"Yardie,† which Palmer clarifies is British slang for any youthful Jamaican male engaged with brutality and medications. â€Å"I wouldn’t need him hurt,† Cynthia says on the double. â€Å"Of course not.† â€Å"You said violence.† â€Å"He’s guaranteed me it will be painless.† â€Å"You’ve met him?† â€Å"Several times.† â€Å"What’s his name?† â€Å"John Bridges. He’s very prepared to do it for us. In the event that you despite everything need to proceed with it.† â€Å"I’ve given it a great deal of thought.† â€Å"So have I.† â€Å"It appears the best thing, doesn’t it, Gerry?† â€Å"Yes.† There is a long quietness. Everything is by all accounts happening too rapidly. â€Å"When . . . when might he do it?† â€Å"Sometime before the month's end. He’ll need a presentation. You’d need to orchestrate that.† â€Å"An introduction?† â€Å"To your father.† â€Å"Is he black?† â€Å"Yes. Be that as it may, exceptionally light skinned.† â€Å"I don’t know any individuals of color, you see.† â€Å"Very pale eyes,† Palmer says. â€Å"A beautiful grin. 267 Ed McBain All you need do is present him. He’ll deal with the rest.† â€Å"It’s simply that I don’t know any dark people.† â€Å"Well . . .† â€Å"I wouldn’t recognize what to say.† â€Å"Just state he’s a companion of yours from London.† â€Å"I’ve never been to London.† â€Å"A companion of a companion, you could state. Who’ll be there for a couple of days. Who you needed your dad to meet. Is the thing that you could say.† â€Å"Why would anybody need to meet my father?† â€Å"You could state he once worked in an emergency clinic here. Similarly as your dad did. That would give them something in like manner. I’ll give you the name of a medical clinic here in London.† â€Å"I’ve never acquainted my dad with anybody in my life.† â€Å"It would simply be to put him off guard.† â€Å"He’d be suspicious.† â€Å"Just somebody you’d like him to meet. A medical attendant. Similarly as your dad was.† â€Å"He won’t hurt him, will he?† â€Å"No, no, you needn’t worry.† â€Å"When did you say it would be?† â€Å"Well, he’ll come when we approve it. He’ll need half of his expense already, half after it’s done.† â€Å"How much did he say?† â€Å"Five thousand.† â€Å"Is that a lot?† â€Å"I think it’s sensible. Dollars, that is. Not pounds.† â€Å"I wouldn’t need him hurt,† she says once more. â€Å"No, he won’t be.† â€Å"Well.† â€Å"But I need to let him know.† â€Å"What do you figure we ought to do?† â€Å"I figure we ought to proceed with it. Twenty-five 268 The Last Dance hundred dollars is a ton of cash to me, however I view this as a genuine speculation. . .† â€Å"Yes.† â€Å". . . a chance to propel myself. I can’t talk fo

The Best IB Math Study Guide and Notes for SL

The Best IB Math Study Guide and Notes for SL/HL SAT/ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips IB Math SL and IB Math HL are two of the hardest classes in the IB educational plan. It’s nothing unexpected on the off chance that you need some additional assistance in either class. I’ve accumulated this article of the best free online materials for IB Math SL/HL so you can get all the IB Math notes you need in one spot. For accommodation, I requested the assets following the IB Math SL/HL schedule. The most effective method to Use This IB Math Guide In the event that you’re looking for data on one subject, utilize the Command + F work on your PC to scan this guide for that particular theme. For example, on the off chance that you need to find out about Algebraic Sequences, use Command + F to raise the hunt work. Type â€Å"Algebraic Sequences,† and you’re PC will give all of you of the investigation materials for Algebraic Sequences. I split the material into three classes: Wide Notes: Longer (by and large 3-10 pages) that give a diagram of most or the entirety of the subjects shrouded in a point. Explicit Subject: Shorter synopses of explicit subjects inside a theme. Video: exhibition recordings of how to tackle past paper issues identified with the subject. Regular Study Errors IB Math SL/HL Students Make IB Math SL/HL spread a great deal of material. With so much material, you can’t stand to fall behind in light of the fact that you won’t have the option to get back up. You have to ace the subjects during the school year so as to exceed expectations on the IB Math SL/HL papers. Basic blunders are: Overlooking the material you don’t comprehend. On the off chance that you didn’t comprehend it from your instructor, you have to search for outside assistance, perhaps in this IB Math study manage or for much more assistance consider mentoring. Just concentrating directly before the IB Math SL/HL papers. As I said previously, there are such a large number of subjects for the two courses to ace in just two or three weeks (that’s why these courses are spread over a few years). Ace the subjects when you’re learning them in class. Utilize this examination guide or recruit a mentor in the event that you need additional assistance: Need to show signs of improvement evaluations and grades? We can help. PrepScholar Tutors is the world's best mentoring administration. We consolidate world-class master coaches with our exclusive educating strategies. Our understudies have gotten An's on a great many classes, ideal 5's on AP tests, and incredibly high SAT Subject Test scores. Regardless of whether you need assistance with science, math, English, sociology, or more, we have you secured. Improve reviews today with PrepScholar Tutors. Center Topics-140 Hours for SL and 182 Hours for HL For IB Math SL and HL, all understudies study the points recorded beneath. Here are a finished arrangement of IB Math notes. Complete IB Math Overview: Standard Level This 167-page set of notes incorporates each subject canvassed in IB Math SL. It's certainly not something you need to peruse in one night, however it's incredible to reference as you survey diverse IB Math subjects. It's exceptionally sorted out, so you can look through the list of chapters to locate the specific point you need to consider. Theme 1: Algebra Expansive Notes: Theme 1: Algebra Explicit Subject: Number juggling and geometric arrangement Number juggling and geometric successions Binomial hypothesis Finishing the square Number sets, estimation, and logical documentation Recordings: Number juggling Sequences and Series Geometric Sequences and Series Sigma Notation Examples (Laws and Solving) Logarithms (Laws and Solving) Binomial Theorem Theme 2: Functions and Equations Expansive Notes: Theme 2: Functions and Equations Explicit Subject: Composite capacity Idea and documentation Exponentials and logarithms Exponential capacities Factor hypothesis Converse capacity Quadratic capacities Quadratic structures Quadratic capacities Changes Capacities Recordings Capacities (Domain and Range, Composite, Inverse) Capacities (Transformations) Factorizing Quadrants Finishing the Square (Quadratics) Discriminant Test Reasonable Functions (Asymptotes and Sketching) Exponential and Logarithmic Functions Drawing Functions With a Calculator Subject 3: Circular Functions and Trigonometry Wide Notes: Subject 3: Circular Functions and Trigonometry Explicit Subject: Conditions of lines Trig proportions Sine and cosine rules Trigonometry Recordings Radians, Length of Arc, Area of Sector Unit Circle and Trig Ratios Trig Identities Trig Graphs (Circular Functions) Unraveling Trig Functions Sine and Cosine Rules, Area of a Triangle Degrees versus Radians Theme 4: Vectors Expansive Notes: Theme 4: Vectors Explicit Subject: 2D and 3D lines Fundamental vector number juggling Introduction to vectors More on lines Scalar item Recordings Vectors: Basics Scalar Product and Angle Between Two Vectors Vector Equation of a Line Convergence of Two Vector Lines Theme 5: Statistics and Probability Expansive Notes: Theme 5: Statistics and Probability Explicit Subject: Binomial dissemination Likelihood rules Likelihood Set hypothesis Rationale audit Portrayals of likelihood Ceaseless factors Discrete factors Standard deviation Insights portrayals Details jargon Utilizing ordinary disseminations Ordinary dissemination Two variable insights Recordings Mean, Standard Deviation, and Variance Bivariate Statistics Venn Diagrams and Probability Restrictive Probability Likelihood Distribution Binomial Distribution Ordinary Distribution Theme 6: Calculus Expansive Notes: Theme 6: Calculus Analytics I Analytics II Explicit Subject: Subsidiaries by first rule Introduction to subsidiaries Subsidiaries of progressively complex capacities Subsidiaries section 1 Subsidiaries section 2 Introduction to coordination Inconclusive integrals Kinematics Cutoff points Neighborhood max and min Enhancement Digression and normals Volumes of unrest Recordings Separation Rules Condition of a Tangent Enhancement and Calculus Curves Coordination Rules Coordination by Substitution Volume of Revolution Kinematics Choices 48 Hours for HL Only IB Math HL understudies study one of the accompanying four choices recorded underneath. There are less composed notes for these subjects, yet you despite everything have numerous recordings and practice inquiries to use for your survey. Point 7: Statistics and Probability Recordings Practice questions: Discrete arbitrary factors Practice questions: Probability thickness capacities and aggregate circulation capacities Practice questions: Correlation Practice questions: Regression Point 8: Sets, Relations, and Groups Recordings Practice questions: space and range Practice questions: converse capacities Subject 9: Calculus Recordings Practice questions: Maclaurin's arrangement Practice questions: Taylor's arrangement Practice questions: Exact conditions (incorporating factors) Replacement types Subject 10: Discrete Mathematics Recordings Outline: The Best IB Math Study Materials IB Math has six Core Topics that both SL and HL understudies study, just as one of four Options that HL understudies will likewise consider. There are many free IB Math notes and study assets accessible on the web, particularly when contrasted with other IB classes, which frequently have hardly any excellent online assets. This makes it simpler to stay aware of what you're realizing in IB Math and be set up for all the tests for the class. There are various sorts of IB Math study assets, including general investigation guides, top to bottom notes, and recordings you can watch. Evaluate every one of them to see which ones work best with your investigation style. Keep in mind, you need to concentrate early and reliably so as to be decidedly ready all through the school year. What’s Next? Get familiar with IB Math: Each IB Math Past Paper Available: Free and Official Searching for additional assets for IB Math survey? Look at our articles on trig characters, finishing the square, finding the mean of a lot of numbers, and figuring measurable noteworthiness. Get familiar with other IB classes: IB Biology Past Paper Available: Free and Official Each IB Business and Management Past Paper Available: Free and Official Where to Find IB Chemistry Past Papers - Free and Official Each IB Geography Past Paper Available: Free and Official Each IB History Past Paper Available: Free and Official Each IB Economics Past Paper Available: Free and Official Each IB English Past Paper Available: Free and Official The Complete IB Extended Essay Guide: Examples, Topics, and Ideas Where to Find IB Physics Past Papers - Free and Official Need to improve your SAT score by 160 or your ACT score by 4? We've composed a guide for each test about the main 5 methodologies you should use to have a taken shots at improving your score. Download it with the expectation of complimentary at this point:

Fear of Submerged Cars

Fear of Submerged Cars Phobias Types Print The Fear of Submerged Objects Understanding Whats Behind Submechanophobia By Lisa Fritscher Lisa Fritscher is a freelance writer and editor with a deep interest in phobias and other mental health topics. Learn about our editorial policy Lisa Fritscher Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on September 22, 2019 David Sacks / Getty Images More in Phobias Types Causes Symptoms and Diagnosis Treatment Submechanophobia, the fear of partially or fully submerged man-made objects, such as cars, includes many possible subtypes and is related to a variety of basic fears surrounding bodies of water. Fears Involved in Submechanophobia Many of the following fears can come into play when someone is suffering from a fear of submerged objects. Fear of the Unknown Fear of the unknown in an environment is a primal reaction that likely served our ancestors well. Even today, it is wise to be cautious around bodies of water, which can contain submerged hazards, industrial runoff, and other dangers. These may be mitigated by those who know of them. Familiarity with a particular lake, stream, river or ocean can drastically reduce the risks. For those who are unfamiliar with a body of water, the knowledge that unknown risks could be lurking beneath the surface may be enough to trigger an existing fear of the unknown. Fear of Animals Even animals that are normally non-predatory may attack if they feel threatened. Although attacks on humans in water are relatively rare, they are frequent enough (or perhaps more known about, thanks to social media) to cause many people to feel nervous. People with a specific animal phobia, such as the fear of sharks or snakes, may only be afraid to go in certain bodies of water where these animals are known to reside. Is a Fear of Animals Normal? Fear of Germs Mysophobia, or the fear of germs, is a common phobia associated with the fear of submerged objects. Some bodies of water do contain potential sources of danger, from toxins to bacteria to parasites. While it is important to practice good hygiene and avoid common sources of contamination, those with mysophobia tend to take normal precautions to an extreme. Unfamiliar bodies of water, in which the risks are unknown, could easily trigger a fearful reaction. Coping With the Fear of Germs Fear of Hazards Water accidents occur relatively frequently. Rip currents, rapids, logs, and rocks may be difficult or impossible to see from the waters surface, potentially posing danger when you swim or are on a boat. Those who are afraid of risk-taking may be particularly likely to avoid situations that they see as possibly harmful and take this to an extreme. Fear of Ships The fear of ships is highly personalized. Some people are afraid of any boat or watercraft, while others fear only massive multi-deck ships. This may be related to the fear of the unknown, or it could have to do with a more generalized fear of large objects. For many with this fear, submarines are the biggest trigger in relation to submechanophobia. How to Manage Cruise Ship Phobia Coping With Submechanophobia For many people, the fear of submerged objects causes little difficulty in the activities of daily living, making the fear hard to diagnose as a phobia. If you do not work in or around the water, you may be able to manage your fear by sitting on the riverbank rather than going for a swim, or only booking cruise ship cabins on a higher deck. Over time, the fear of submerged objects may begin to affect your life. If you find yourself canceling plans or avoiding jobs that you might otherwise enjoy, it may be time to seek help. Treating a fear of submerged objects such as cars generally involves discovering and treating the underlying fears. A therapist can work with you to develop an individualized treatment plan that addresses your specific needs, which may include cognitive-behavioral therapy, exposure therapy, and/or virtual reality therapy. Coping With the Fear of Water

Introduction Globalization - 960 Words

Introduction Globalization is an ongoing process integrating economies, industries, markets, cultures, societies and policies around the world. Whether globalization is good or bad is a question that people around the globe are constantly debating over. The answer depends on which part of the world you stand on, for globalization have different impacts on every ‘participant’. The Good The good side of globalization is that it promotes open markets which allows businesses to communicate effectively and efficiently between partners; manufacturers, suppliers and customers. It enables local producers to venture into other markets, increasing in profits. It gives opportunities for countries to work with other countries; businesses can†¦show more content†¦American workers have lost family supporting jobs due to flawed trade policies such as the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). It results to a skills gap in which demand for new skills outpaces supply of local workers and hence increases the demand for foreign workers. When this happens, the population of immigrants will increase to vie with the locals to fill up jobs positions. This causes friction and millions of US citizens are left jobless. This will be a social challenge for the US Government as poverty increases whilst income decreases. America being an advance and developed country, the costs for globalization outweigh the benefits she reaps. Conclusion In conclusion, globalization can be good and bad at the same time. It comes down to whether you’re enjoying more benefits from globalization or you’re paying higher costs for globalization. REFERENCES: Thangavelu, Shandre. Making the Most of Globalisation. The Straits Times, Review, September 23, 2010. Srinivasan, T.N. Globalization: Is It Good or Bad?. lecture., Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research, 2002. . Jeffery, Simon. The Guardian, What is globalisation?. Last modified October 31, 2002. Accessed September 23, 2013. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/oct/31/globalisation.simonjeffery. Colin, Stief. Geography, Globalization - An Overview of Globalization and Its Positive andShow MoreRelatedAn Introduction to Globalization Essay2500 Words   |  10 Pages Globalization is a historical phenomenon that has been happening for decades now, and whether it generates growth or not is a matter of whose point of view it is. The western countries, especially America and some European nations, are the ones taking full advantage of the benefits of globalization. On the other hand, some experts say that globalization is not doing much for the developing countries, or that it may be even worsening their scenarios of poverty and social inequality. But, I willRead MoreGlobalization : A Very Short Introduction1372 Words   |  6 Pages There are many ways to look at and understand modern globalization. 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Essay on Attachment and Separation in Adulthood - 2541 Words

A qualitative study showing how childhood experiences of attachment and separation can affect relationships in adulthood. Abstract This qualitative research was conducted to ascertain if the attachment style a person has as an adult is created or influenced by his/her interactions with early childhood experiences. The research was carried out by means of a thematic analysis of an interview of a married middle-aged couple. The interviews bought the themes of Work, Childhood and Relationships to the foreground and these were analysed to establish if there is a connection in our childhood attachments and those we make as adults. It can be seen that there are similarities to the attachment types of infants compared to those that†¦show more content†¦Method This qualitative textual analysis was carried out on two pre-existing pieces of material using a thematic analysis. The first a video, Research Methods in Psychology, Section Interviewing, which shows edited extracts from an interview with a married middle-aged couple called Tony and Jo. Two people interviewed the couple; first someone they know very well, Jane Tobbell, and second by someone they had never met before, Dan Goodley. They were interviewed in their home and the interviews were filmed. Andrea K Lait V0049493 The second piece of material was a transcription of the interviews, (see Appendix A). I as the researcher had no part in conducting the interviews, I have interpreted the video and transcript with my research question of attachment and separation in mind and my results are a reflection of this. I viewed the video several times and read the transcript several times, in order to identify salient incidents. I made notes on initial reactions of the interviewees and noted any non-verbal characteristics that could have an impact on the way the incidents could change my understanding of the interviews. Various themes were chosen, as being the main topics, described in the analysis these were (i) Work, (ii) Childhood (iii) Relationships. The transcript of the interviews was then highlighted, and each theme was identified using different coloured highlighted pens. As theShow MoreRelatedAdult Separation Anxiety : A Psychological Condition1513 Words   |  7 Pages Adult Separation Anxiety: A Possible Link to a Missed Step in Development DeAndre Bright Evan Smith-Finney Amber Depew Brandon Eastwood CCBC Catonsville Psychology 103 April 3, 2015 Adult Separation Anxiety Disorder Separation anxiety disorder is â€Å"a psychological condition in which an individual has excessive anxiety regarding separation from places or people to whom the individual has a strong emotional attachment† (anxietypanichealth.com 2008). Individuals with this disorder typicallyRead MoreHow Mother and Child Relationships Impact Adult Relationships1102 Words   |  4 PagesThe purpose of this paper is to provide the reader with knowledge of individual differences and attachment, particularly within the context of mother / caregiver– child attachment and how it impacts adult attachment relationships and or patterns. 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This theory, nonethelessRead MoreDevelopmental Psychology: Attachment Essay1488 Words   |  6 Pages Attachment is the formation of a two-way emotional bond between a child and an adult caregiver. It is an important part of developmental psychology, which is concerned with reasons and causes for human behaviour, addressing both nurture and nature aspects of childrearing. John Bowlby (1907-1990) is a key psychologist involved in the studies and theories concerning attachment. He summarised his point and the reason for attachment as follows: Based on the above, this essay intends to focusRead MoreLearning Theory Of Attachment And The Other Being Bowlbys Evolution Theory1692 Words   |  7 PagesEarly social development is the study of the development of persons from infancy to adulthood. Research is conducted into how childhood experiences affect people’s development in later life. 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In presenting this theory, both of them have drawn out ideas from the fields of ethology, cybernetics, information processing, developmental psychology, and psychoanalysts. However, John Bowlby is the chief contributor who has originated the essential tenets of the theory. Thus, he hasRead MoreThe Theory Of Attachment Theory1426 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction John Bowlby’s Attachment theory is relevant to serial murderers since it looks at the child’s early life experiences, focusing on the bond between the mother and child (Bretherton, 1992). It argues that a break in the bond will lead the child to a life of crime and delinquency. In this paper we will discuss two points. The first point is discussing Aileen’s Wuornos life from childhood to adulthood and the second point is explaining how her life is relevant to Bowlby’s Attachment Theory. We willRead MoreSeparation Anxiety : A Type Of An Attachment Disorder1232 Words   |  5 Pagessome type of disorders. 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Globalisation Is a Positive Force in the World. Discuss. Free Essays

Globalisation is a positive force in the world. Discuss. In recent years, amongst all the claims and counterclaims, the argument over whether globalisation is a positive force or not has become rather controversial. We will write a custom essay sample on Globalisation Is a Positive Force in the World. Discuss. or any similar topic only for you Order Now Advocates claim globalisation facilitates economic growth, international financial integration, and cooperation between nations while critics vigorously argue that globalisation leads to a fierce exploitation of the labour class, a disparity between rich and poor, and a concentration of resources. Peng (2009) has indicated an innovative perception, the pendulum view, in order to emphasize both ups and downs of globalisation. As a pendulum, not only one direction swings, but also the other. The influence of globalisation raises the caution that dominant culture and multinational corporations (MNCs) control the most power which destroys not only local enterprises, but also local cultures and values. Despite the defects mentioned above, regarding the MNCs’ international strategy, it is often said globalisation as a foundation is conducive to the extension of profits. In this essay, the impact of globalisation on MNCs will be examined and will mainly concentrate on the following forces: market, cost, and efficiency. As the domestic market gradually matures, it is essential for a corporation in developed country to extend its market. The invisible pressure behind this phenomenon originates from keen competition with other companies, especially multinational enterprises possessing a large amount of capital. Gradually, the sum of profits decreases and the stockholders’ grievances escalate. As a result, the board has to search for the solution to mitigate the clash. Facing this challenge, corporations attempt to sell products to consumers in emerging markets because these potential customers are many times greater than domestic consumers. Moreover, globalization transubstantiates not only the field of market but also the formation of industry. According to Scholte (2005), Globalisation has transformed the constitution of predominant industries. During the late nineteenth century, older heavy industries such as chemicals and oil occupied the entire market. After that, approximately three-fifths enterprises have transferred to the region of finance, information and communications. In other words, the system of accumulating capital has been converted from merchandise to intangibles since 2000. However, globalisation creates not only advantages but disadvantages. In order to develop market overseas, MNCs utilize advertisement and mess media such as Hollywood movies to spread the value and cultures which might be considered materialistic and capitalistic. For example, McDonald has been accused of not only misleading many young people into believing fast food is beneficial but also destroying the local catering culture. Therefore, it is often said that cultural destruction is possibly triggered by enterprises, which brings about the steadily eroded local culture and the state of collapse in cultural identity. Despite this, it is undeniable that globalisation still plays a pivotal role of expanding the market and a prerequisite for enterprises to thrive. The ultimate aim of production is ascertaining the location, closest to customers, to achieve the minimization of production costs. Thus, there is a motto for international business to consider where to establish the factory, which is â€Å"Location, location, location. Peng (2009) suggested that an ideal location requires not only location-specific advantages, associated with the uniqueness of geographical, but also agglomeration. The former provides the company with the traffic convenience such as Miami, known as the gateway of the Americas connecting North American firms to South American; the latter, clustering economic activities in certain loc ations to create a pool of specialized labor force, suppliers and purchasers, creates an advantage for a company to reduce costs thereby obtaining maximum of profits. Peng, 2009) In addition, a company attempting to decrease its production costs expands its operations overseas due to the effect of economies of scale. The more enormous the production scale, the lower a producer’s average cost per unit. It is especially influential for those industries without production differentiation, producing certain manufactures such as steel and iron, tires and cars. As a result, they are forced to search for the advantages of cost leadership. In this situation, the advisable solution to the pressure of reducing costs is enhancing the scale of production to lower the fixed costs. In order to achieve it, enterprises have a tendency to pay the employee’s salary as less as possible, which contributes to exploitation. Consequently, exploitation result in unfavorable working conditions and  the unequal distribution  of wealth; increasing number of people living below the poverty line can cause social problems such as homelessness. In sum, it is necessary for enterprises to ensure proper working conditions while searching for cost leadership. Considering human resources deficiency, industries should be dedicated to the core business, and outsource the other less important departments or business to boost efficiency. Globalisation offers enterprises a new category of outsourcing, called offshore outsourcing. Differing from onshore outsourcing, a company utilizes offshore outsourcing for the purpose of decreasing costs and employing experts with high efficiency to economize on the inessential organisations or departments. For example, â€Å"IT is outsourced for many reasons, ranging from a bandwagon effect from the subject’s high profile to cost pressures due to competition and economic recession† (Lacity ; Willcocks, 2009, p. 212). To conquer these obstacles, offshore outsourcing is fully implemented to accumulate data, experts, and intellectual transactions in IT industry. Besides this, in order to promote a company’s efficiency, the high-speed internet as a connecting net is applied for various companies to communicate in the world, which creates low-cost business process outsourcing (BPO). BPO is introduced to those developed countries with high standardization in which a company transfers their non-core business to the countries with lower labor costs. Through twenty-four hours communication and production, two business-related companies have potential to continue working without cessation, which eventually assists both of them. Despite the advantages mentioned above, in the process of BPO, it is possible that the knowledge could be stolen. If a company’s intellectual property rights are infringed, their competitive strengths might suddenly vanish and it will lose a large number of money. To determine outsourcing or not, enterprises have to consider the importance of the task and how to avoid infringement. Therefore, it is viable for them to outsource those non-core businesses to enhance efficiency. To conclude, this essay briefly illustrates the effects of globalisation, as a foundation, offering a fundamental basis for market, cost and efficiency. This material foundation attracts enterprises to invest overseas, resulting in an assumption that enterprises can boost profits when they obtain complete qualifications, including multinational market, cost leadership, and high efficiency. However, as a pendulum, globalisation does have negative forces to enterprises, especially local business. As Peng (2009) commented that â€Å"some factions in emerging economies complained against the onslaught of MNEs, which allegedly not only destroy local companies, but also local cultures and values as well as the environment. †(Peng, 2009, p. 19) Based on these conflicts, the urgent issue for enterprises to face is how to reduce the unfavorable circumstances and, simultaneously, on a  global  scale, pursue the maximum value through managing the following four tensions: â€Å"strategy,  people,  costs, and  risk. † (Dewhurst, 2012, p. 77) How to cite Globalisation Is a Positive Force in the World. Discuss., Papers

Medical Tourism Destination SWOT Analysis †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Medical Tourism Destination SWOT Analysis. Answer: Introduction: PESTLE is an acronym for Political, economic, social, technological, legal and environmental. It identifies all the different external factors which may affect the business. By judging these factors, the managers can assess the risks that these factor identify then use this knowledge to make perfect decisions. Political Factors: this factor focuses all about the degree and extent to which the government intervenes in the countrys economy.it can include political stability and instability of the foreign markets, government policies, trade policies of the overseas market. Tax policies, labor law, trade restrictions and most recently the trade laws (Tribe, 2016). Economic Factors: this factor includes economic growth, interest rate, inflation, exchange rate, disposable income and business of the country. By judging these factors, the firms can assess the potential of the market and profitability in the business. Social Factors: this factor is also known as socio-cultural elements as this particularly focuses on the shared belief as well as approaches of the population. It comprises of population growth, age distribution career attitudes and health awareness. These features are of exact interest because they directly affect the marketers to understand the customers. Technological Factors: in this current setting, the business largely depend on the technological factors. This fast changing technological landscape is impacting the way the organization market their products (Adu-Ampong, 2016). Technological factors greatly influence marketing as well as management in three methods. It gives new ways of production of goods and services, new methods of distributing produced goods and new ways of communicating with the target markets. Legal Factors: this includes equal opportunities, consumer rights, health and safety, advertising standards, product safety as well as labelling of a market. In order to trade successfully and ethically, the companies need to know every tricky area of their business. Environmental Factors: it is a newly joined factor which has gained importance from the last decade. These factors have become vital for assessment by the organizations because of scarcity of raw materials, increasing carbon footprint and pollution targets. In this current situation, more consumers are being driven to environmentally supported produces and services. In the tourism industry, political factors have far reaching effect. It can be changing government regimes, terrorism and other political factors of a country in which the industry is expanding. Economic factors were always remaining major elements in maintain high demand of tourist globally. With stronger economy, the labor market continues to grow and consumers are ready for spending (Barkauskas, Barkauskien? Jasinskas, 2015). Due to recent recession had reduced the number of tourists as the purchasing power had been reduced. In the tourism industry of the world, the social factors like culture, ethnicity, history and traditionalism have been influencing constantly. The consumer preferences are changing in favor of private accommodations for which airlines and hotel brands are getting influenced directly. In 21st century, technological factors have started to facilitate the industry greatly. starting from communication, transfer of information and bookings of hotels and sites have increased greatly. The legal factors in the tourism industry is very complicated. It is due to the fact that both public and employee security remains chief concern of the industries. Any type of legal risks can reduce market share and staff training has become more important for legal hassles (Yang, 2017). Environmental sustainability remains key concern for this industry. Ecological impact to waste management is important as people prefer visiting cleaner places. It is a simple yet useful tool which helps to understand the strength and weaknesses of the firms and identify opportunities and threats that the company may face in the market. The technique of SWOT is commonly used by different business entities as well as the non-profit organizations. This helps to strategic planning exercise. It is considered to be powerful support to make decisions as this uncovers the possible opportunities for gaining success. The threats are also highlighted which can be easily overcome to going competitive advantage. Strength: identifying internal attributes as well as resources which support for a successful result. Weakness: identification of internal attributes as well as resources which may work against a successful result. Opportunities: the external factors that the organizations can use or exploit to its advantage. Threats: the external factors affecting the success of the firms. In the tourism industry, the location of the industry varies from country to country. Attractive place along with comfortable weather condition can be strengths (Singh, Chauhan Singh, 2015). High bio-diversity and wider range of aquatic as well as terrestrial ecosystem attracts more tourists. In addition to this, cultural and historical diversity in the place and skilled labor are the strengths of tourism market of a place. Higher intervention of government, inadequate infrastructure and inappropriate management of the tourist destinations are among the weaknesses of tourism industry. In terms of opportunities, this industry can create low cost accommodation for the visitors, innovate new markets or tourism product and assign resources for introducing new threads of tourism in a location for business. Having high competition from other nearby locations and lack of diversification of a place can pose threat for the tourism industry (Wong, Velasamy Arshad, 2014). Underdeveloped infrastructure and environmental degradation can be threat for the industry of a particular place. PORTERS FIVE FORCE analysis: This is a tool that helps the organizations to analyze the competition in the market. The chief elements of this model are- bargaining power of the suppliers, threat of substitutes, bargain power of the buyers, threat of new entrants and the industry rivalry. Threat of new entrants: profitable industries yield high returns attracts new firms. This is why the new entrants reduce profitability of the existing firms. Unless the entry of new entrants can be made tough, by the incumbents, abnormal profitabilitys will fall to zero (Ahmad, Walter Sherman, 2016). Threat of substitutes: the substitute products use a different technology for trying to solve the same financial needs. Hence number of substitute products become available in the markets. This availability of close substitutes can hamper the existing business. Bargaining power of customers: the increase bargaining power can be threat for the business of a firm.it also influence the customers sensitivity to the price changes. By implementing loyalty programs, the organizations can reduce the bargaining power of the customers. Their power increases when they have many alternatives (Roslan, Ramli Choy, 2018). Bargaining power of suppliers: it is defined as the market of inputs. Suppliers of labor, services, constituents and raw materials are sources of power over the firm when have few alternatives. Industry rivalry: the concentration of the competitive rivalry can be major determinants of competitiveness of the business. Proper understanding of industry rivals helps the firms to market a product successfully. In the tourism industry, the unique business environment affects all the competitors (Hsieh Lin, 2016). The bargaining power of the customers shows the strength in the bargaining positions especially in the price that the customers have on the suppliers. The suppliers in the tourism industry, including the employees influence the profitability and attractiveness by increasing price or wage thus increase cost of the industry (Vanhove, 2017). The threat of new entrants is based on the abilities to generate economies of scale along with experience, opportunities for the service differentiation and access the distribution channel. In tourism sector, there are low barriers in entry. In this particular industry, constant development in technologies change the potential threat. References: Adu-Ampong, E.A. (2016). A metaphor analysis research agenda for tourism studies.Annals of Tourism Research,57, pp.248-250. Ahmad, N., Walter, H., Sherman, H. (2016). The home away from home: an analysis of the lodging industry in 2015.American Journal of Entrepreneurship,9(1), p.60. Barkauskas, V., Barkauskien?, K., Jasinskas, E. (2015). Analysis of macro environmental factors influencing the development of rural tourism: Lithuanian case.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,213, pp.167-172. Hsieh, L., Lin, S.M. (2016). Exploring the market concentration and the market dominance of international tourist hotels in Taiwan.Journal of Statistics and Management Systems,19(2), pp.285-301. Roslan, Z., Ramli, Z., Choy, E.A. (2018). The Potential of Heritage Tourism Development in Jugra, Selangor, Malaysia, Using SWOT Analysis. InSelected Topics on Archaeology, History and Culture in the Malay World(pp. 159-170). Springer, Singapore. Singh, S.P., Chauhan, M.K., Singh, P. (2015). Using multicriteria futuristic fuzzy decision hierarchy in SWOT analysis: an application in tourism industry.International Journal of Operations Research and Information Systems (IJORIS),6(4), pp.38-56. Tribe, J. (2016).Strategy for tourism(No. Ed. 2). Goodfellow Publisher Limited. Vanhove, N., 2017.The Economics of Tourism Destinations: Theory and Practice. Routledge. Wong, K.M., Velasamy, P., Arshad, T.N.T. (2014). Medical tourism destination SWOT analysis: A case study of Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore and India. InSHS Web of Conferences(Vol. 12, p. 01037). EDP Sciences. Yang, S.U.N. (2017). PEST Analysis of China-North Korea Border Tourism Development of Jilin Province.DEStech Transactions on Social Science, Education and Human Science, (icssm).

Why Has the People’s Action Party (Pap) in Singapore Proved to Be More Successful in Staying in Power Long Term as Compared to Either the Republicans or Democrats in the United States of America Essay Example

Why Has the People’s Action Party (Pap) in Singapore Proved to Be More Successful in Staying in Power Long Term as Compared to Either the Republicans or Democrats in the United States of America? Essay Introduction Singapore and the United States are both first world countries pioneering in advancement as compared to the nations around them. They serve as an emblazonment of prosperity that has been ensured by firm and successful leadership. However, unlike USA, the leading front of Singapore has not changed since its independence. The People’s Action Party has brought its nation into the 21st century without being displaced. The United States, though, has remained torn apart between the Democrats and the Republicans. What then did the PAP have that neither of these strong political parties in the most powerful country of the world, did not? Use of Fear A main weapon in favour of the PAP has been fear. It is not PAP which has created these fears but rather a common misconception of the Singaporean people themselves. In a Strait Times interview with MM Lee when the concern of voting against PAP was raised he clarified that the PAP will have no knowledge on who casts a vote against them and that people themselves are creating this illusion. 1 Yet, this fear though not a political tactic by the PAP, does serve as a political advantage. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Has the People’s Action Party (Pap) in Singapore Proved to Be More Successful in Staying in Power Long Term as Compared to Either the Republicans or Democrats in the United States of America? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Why Has the People’s Action Party (Pap) in Singapore Proved to Be More Successful in Staying in Power Long Term as Compared to Either the Republicans or Democrats in the United States of America? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Why Has the People’s Action Party (Pap) in Singapore Proved to Be More Successful in Staying in Power Long Term as Compared to Either the Republicans or Democrats in the United States of America? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The fear surfaces in the case of raising voices against the PAP too. Any comment going against the PAP has a high probability in a lawsuit against the critic. In the highly liberal state of the United States, people are fearless enough to publicly make mocking videos and insulting publicity against the government. 2 It is hence proven that the minimising of critics lead to the retention of power. This is what the PAP has managed but the parties in USA have failed. Influence of the Education System The education system in Singapore has been groomed in a way to enable PAP to hold their eternal positions. Students from their primary level of education are nurtured in a highly disciplined manner with them barely being given chances to speak. Many a time, when children are caught talking they are reprimanded and the message is ingrained in them that voicing out has a negative consequence. The United States believes in a more liberal system of educating their young in their nation via more interaction and openness. Such liberty has its social drawback as it tends to disorganisation. However as Lord Acton once said, â€Å"Liberty is not a means to a higher political end. It is itself the highest political end. †3 Suppression of the Oppositions The suppression of the Opposition is another factor that assists the PAP in retaining its held power. The PAP has many modes of destabilizing its opposition. The judicial system of Singapore has a bias that acts to the benefit of the PAP. Singapore’s former solicitor-general, Francis Seow said â€Å"†¦ the Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew uses the courts as a legal weapon to intimidate, bankrupt or cripple the political opposition †¦ in numerous legal suits against dissidents and detractors for alleged defamation in Singapore courts, and has won them all. †4 Hence the element of fear shows itself to be victorious. Such mode of politics can barely be used in the United States due to the fact that its judicial system is not controlled by the government. Financially destabilising a political opponent prevented them from running successfully with funds in an election is another tactic employed by the PAP. Pushing many political opponents into bankruptcy using law suits has enabled the PAP to eradicate majority of them. These are all the PAP law suits till 1996 (all of which have been successful): 5 Year Sued by Sued Amount 1979 Lee Kuan Yew Jeyaretnam S$ 130,000 1988 Lee Kuan Yew Seow Khee Leng S$ 250,000 1989 Lee Kuan Yew Jeyaretnam S$ 230,000 989 Lee Kuan Yew FEER S$ 230,000 1900 Lee Kuan Yew Jeyaretnam S$ 260,000 1991 Lee Kuan Yew Quek Teow Chuan S$ 200,000 1994 LKY, GCT, LHL IHT S$ 650,000 1994 Lee Kuan Yew IHT S$ 400,000 1994 Ernest Chew Chee Soon Juan S$ 75,000 1994 Ow Soh Leng Chee Soon Juan S$ 30,000 1994 Dr S. Vasoo Chee Soon Juan S$ 210,000 1994 Chiam See Tong Xin Zhang Jiang Restaurant S$ 50,000 1995 Lee Kuan Yew Vincour Ors S$ 300,000 1995 Goh Chok Tong Vincour Ors S$ 300,000 1996 LKY + Lee Hsien Long Tang Liang Hong S$ 1,050,000 However the one law-suit by Mr Jeyeratnam on PM Goh Chok Tong in 1987 automatically failed. These evidences hence justify the claim by J. B. Jeyaretnam and Chee Soon Juan that Singapore courts favour the PAP government at the expense of Justice. In Singapore, the amount that has to be paid as election deposit has risen over the decades hitting S$13,500 in 2006. 6 If the opposition do not at least 8% of the vote, the deposit will be consumed. This restrains new entries from oppositions from taking part without certainty of 8% of votes resulting in the loss of money. A Clean and Optimistic Historical Record The main edge PAP holds politically is its historical record which totally justifies their right to rule. It was under PAP Singapore morphed from a 3rd world nation into the 1st world. The people have deep faith in PAP’s nation building and controlling tactics. Accusations of lack of freedom fall shamefully to the fact that this is the party that has made Singapore a successful nation from its post-freedom years. The many policies implemented strictly by PAP, such as the HDB racial quota, all have had positive impact. The Singaporeans are thus unable to transfer authority from a well established party to one that has never come into rule before. This fear of what may happen once a new party takes over is embedded in the Singaporean mind. In USA however, both parties have had successful runs since independence and thus both are deemed to be equally competent and reliable. Thus, party track records do play a major part in determining the voting. Currently, the Republicans are losing out in ongoing elections due to their negative track record in the Iraq War. The PAP though remains victorious as their track record cannot be compared to any other party. Whereas in the US, the constant comparison between the two fronts lead to a major split in votes. The stability of a nation is shown to by all means increase the chances of the citizens voting for the same party for rule. Trust in the Government The government in Singapore ranks among the Top 5 among the least corrupted. 7 It has gained a high level of dependency from its own people. The trust it has gained has allowed them to consecutively gain votes from the public. Various scandals have always tainted the reputation of the leaders in the United States. When MM Lee was asked by TIMES on why he sues opposition who question the efficacy of the government, he said â€Å"If you dont sue, repetition of the lies make it credible. † The PAP is thus seen to place major importance on public trust ensuring that people do not have a disarrayed view of the government. Films on political oppositions such as A Vision of Persistence on Jeyaretnam are banned. 8 MM Lee said America is ready for films like Moore’s Fahrenheit 9/11 in which they enjoyed their President being mocked and satirized. However †¦ voted for Bush in November 2004. 9 He declared that Singapore will loosen up only when it has a large number of well educated individuals to look over such political dissidence and keep faith in their government. The Democratic-Republican Party Ironically, the rule in United States could also be regarding as a mono-governance. The Democrats and Republicans before 1824 were known as the Democratic-Republican Party. 10 Their form of governance is both following the democratic ruling scheme. The only line along which both the parties differ is only regarding the outlook on certain issues. A transition in political dominance from one party would not bring about much of a change in the nation’s status. The split took place based more on personality than ideology. In Singapore, the main oppositions such as the Singapore Democratic Party and the Worker’s Party both have different ideologies compared to the PAP. This makes the voting for change of political eadership a higher risk factor in Singapore than in the United States. It can be seen that the main factor that determines the United States as a nation is the president’s personality. The president is the holder of supreme authority. The party has to support the president’s stand; such has been obvious in issues such as the War in I raq. In Singapore, the Prime Minister is the party’s man. He is forced to keep to the stance the party has kept. The voting for the same party in Singapore would command the same style of leadership which is not necessarily the case in the United States. This forces the American citizen to contemplate on who deserves their vote. The voting for the leader is not done as a show of loyalty to the party but rather as a judge of capability of the man himself. Conclusion These are the things that have lead to the advantage that PAP has in retaining its political position unlike either the Republicans or the Democrats. The means of retraining political dissidence and the citizens’ stereotypical mindset have gave the PAP an upper hand in maintaining rule over the nation. Given these conditions, any party would be able to preserve its control over the people. The absence of these factors and the presence of others have lead to the failure of any of the major political parties in USA to retain power in the long run. Word Count: 1488 Citations and References (1) Strait Times Singapore (April 13, 2006), http://waynesoon. blogspot. com/2006/04/got-fear-or-not. html (2) http://www. salon. com/opinion/feature/2006/09/08/maher/index_np. html , http://politicalhumor. about. com/od/republicans/Republican_Jokes. htm , http://www. petitionspot. com/petitions/stopbush (3) Lord Acton, Lecture, (February 26, 1877) http://www. quotationspage. com/quote/27487. html (4) Francis T. Seow, Former Solicitor General Singapore, Speech in Sydney, Australia, Lecture (1997) (5) Table chart on Political Law Suits tabulated from information from: http://singaporerebel. blogspot. com/2007/03/singapores-libel-laws-fixing-dissidents. html (6) James Gomez (14 May 2005) http://www. jamesgomeznews. com/article. php? AID=212 (7) http://www. data360. org/graph_group. aspx? Graph_Group_Id=478 (8) http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Censorship_in_Singapore (9) MM Lee’s Interview to Times: December 06,2005: http://www. time. com/time/asia/covers/501051212/lky_intvu5. html (10) http://en. wikipedia. rg/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party_(United_States) References and Bibliography Books: 1. Diane K Mauzy, (2002), Singapore Politics Under the Peoples Action Party, Routledge Publishers 2. G. William Domhoff, (1983), Who rules America now, Touchstone Books New York, pp 15-37 3. Kevin Phillip, (1993), Democrats, Republicans, and the Decline of Middle-Class Prosperity, Random House, pp. 3 36 4. Jacob S. Hacker, (2005), The Republican revolution and the Erosion of American democracy, Off Center Report 5. World Bank, World Development Report 2004: Making Services Work for Poor People, Washington: Websites 6. Anon. (2006) Fear: PAP’s most powerful weapon http://singaporeelection. blogspot. com/2006/05/fear-paps-most-powerful-weapon. html 7. Channel News Asia, 23rd April 2006, SM Goh on why PAP jealousy guards its integrity, http://www. pap. org. sg/articleview. php? id=713mode=cid=23 8. Amy Sullivan, 2nd October 2006, Why are Democrats loosing the culture war? http://blogs. usatoday. com/oped/2006/10/post_44. html 9. Martyn See, (2007), Former political Prisoner Said Zahari to launch book http://singaporerebel. blogspot. com/2007/06/former-political-prisoner-said-zahari. html 10. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders

American Literary Classic On the Road Essays

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The Perspective Of Reception Aesthetics English Language Essay

The Perspective Of Reception Aesthetics English Language Essay Mao Zedong(1893-1976), who led the Chinese people to have obtained liberation and independence and established their own country, is a great leader, a distinguished statesman, a prominent thinker and a famous strategist. He is loved and respected by the Chinese people. However, at the same time, his fame as a poet is incontrovertible. Willis Barnstone, Professor of Comparative Literature at Indiana University in Bloomington, considers Mao Zedong an original master, one of Chinas most important poets (He Qixin, 1992:8). His poems, a crystallization of politics, history, military affairs, philosophy and art, upholds and represents the advanced Chinese culture. And his poems are cherished as a gleaming gem in Chinese contemporary literature. Zang Kejia once commented on Maos poems like this, His poems open up a new realm for Chinese classical poetry and reach the peak of modern poetry.(Lv Zuyin, 2007) Considering the highly artistic, idealistic and cultural value of Maos poetry, it is of great significance to work on its translation and the study of existing translations so as to improve their quality, guide future translation and expand the influence of Chinese poetry and culture. However, in fact, the study of English translation of Maos poetry has lagged far behind the study of Maos poetry itself. And these studies have mainly focused on the roles of the translator and the translated versions from the perspective of deconstruction. The former study analyzes the translators roles as a reader, a decision-maker and as a writer in the process of translation, and as a cultural mediator in cultural turn. It demonstrates the significance of translators roles more clearly and forcefully. The latter analyzes the ideological content in different English versions of Mao Zedongs poems. It reveals that translation is a dynamic rather than a static process under the constant influence of different ideologies. Until recent years, under the free atmosphere in the academic study, great changes have taken place in the study of Mao Zedongs poetry. The aesthetic study has achieved a great many results from the multi-level or multi-angle aspects, moreover, the linguistic features or the aesthetic features have been covered as well as the humanistic study. However, the aesthetic study of Mao Zedongs poetry has less referred from the formal and the rhetoric perspective, thus this thesis is just an attempt to the field. To present a clear account of this research, here is the outline of this thesis: The introduction briefs the writing motive of this thesis; Chapter Two reviews Reception Aesthetics theory and its core concepts, as well as feasibility studies for the translations of Mao Zedongs poems with RA; Chapter Three reproduces formal beauty and rhetorical beauty of Mao Zedongs poems; Chapter Four is a comparative study of how the construction, rhymes, rhythms and rhetoric of Maos poems are reproduced and refreshed in the four English versions (Oxford version, The official version, Zhao Zhentaos version and Xu Yuanchongs version); Chapter Five makes a summary of the comparison and discusses the losses and gains in Maos poetry translation and analyzes the reasons. The conclusion sums up the whole thesis. Chapter One Introduction to Maos Poetry and Its Four Selected English Versions 1.1 Introduction to Mao Zedongs Poetry In Maos lifetime, he wrote 67 poems altogether. Among them, 42 poems were revised and agreed by him to publish finally during his life. While another 25 poems were released to the public after his death. The writing of Maos poetry is closely related with his living background, as well as the modern history of China and the world. So, only carefully study the history background and the concrete processes of many great events, as well as Maos experience, thoughts, character and mentality, we can reveal the rich and deep connotation of Maos poems. Style of poetry refers to poems characteristics and personality of some poet. All good poems have their own styles, and all poems by famous poets have their own styles, so do Maos poems. Just as Mao Anqing had commented his father Father is a man of affectionate nature. When his emotions exalt to poems, his poems find their lives. No matter grief and joy, or vulgarism and elegance, all rest his feelings on poeple. So, to read his poems is to know him. (Xu Yuanchong, 1993:3). Thus Mao composed his poems with his whole heart and the living background. Besides, Mao likes reading and studying classical Chinese poetry, discussing about poems and arts with poets and scholars, and enjoys summarizing his poem creative experience to form his unique characteristics. 1.1.1 Profound Ideological Contents As mentioned above, the number of Maos poems is small. But each of them is full of luxuriant imagery, profound meaning and philosophy. Meanwhile, covering various themes like nature, society and life, these poems are rich in epochal character and combativeness, and always encourage people to pursuit higher target. In order to study, the 42 poems can be divided into four groups according to diachronic: The first group has 4 poems created from the founding of the Chinese Communist Party to First Great Revolution (April 1918-July 1927). Changsha, tune: Spring in a Pleasure Garden'(à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…  Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ²Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ­Ãƒ ¦Ã‹Å" ¥Ã‚ ·Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ²Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹) is a good example. These poems are Maos youth work, which are slightly inferior to later ones. But they are also very inspiring for their lofty spirits and soaring determinations. The second group has 16 poems created from the Agrarian Revolution and the Anti-Japanese War ( August 1927-August 1945), like The Autumn Harvest Uprising, Tune: the Moon over the West River' (à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…  Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¥Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ±Ã… ¸Ãƒ ¦Ã…“ˆÂ ·Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚ ¶Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ µÃ‚ ·Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¹Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹), Mount Jinggang, Tune: the Moon over the West River' (à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…  Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¥Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ±Ã… ¸Ãƒ ¦Ã…“ˆÂ ·Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬  Ã‹â€ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ±Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹)etc. This period is a prolific period in Maos life. Recording the most difficult historical period of the Chinese revolution, the poems are ingeniously conceived with great subjetcs and full of lofty revolutionary heroism and optimistic spirits. The third group has 2 poems created during the War of Liberation (September 1945- September 1949), like Capture of Nanjing by the Peoples Liberation Army(à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…  Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã†â€™Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¾Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ã‚ ·Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ºÃƒ ¦Ã‚ °Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ ¨Ã‚ £Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‚  Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ -à ¤Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¬Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹) etc. Though the number of poems is small, they were written before the victory of the Chinese revolution, with strong actuality, magnificent style and clear attitude. The last group has 20 poems created with the perspective in Maos poems from revolution to socialist transformation and construction, after the founding of Peoples Republic of China in 1949, like Swimming, Tune: Prelude to the Melody of Water' (à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…  Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ °Ã‚ ´Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ °Ã†â€™Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ­Ã…’à ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ´Ã‚ ·Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ³Ã‚ ³Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹) and so on. The poems have quite a new approach to the subjects with enterprising spirit, more allusions and humorous language, which are rich in romantic color and high artistry. However, according to synchronism, Maos poems can be divided into three groups: The first group concentrates to describe natural scenery, such as Changsha, tune: Spring in a Pleasure Garden'(à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…  Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ²Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ­Ãƒ ¦Ã‹Å" ¥Ã‚ ·Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ²Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹), the Yellow Crane Tower, Tune: Buddhist Dancers' (à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…  Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ Ã‚ ©Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ®Ã‚ ·Ãƒ ©Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ ¤Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ¥Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹) etc. These poems exhibit magnificence of natural scenes and extol the life of nature. The second group mainly describes society and history, such as Mount Jinggang, Tune: the Moon over the West River' (à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…  Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¥Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ±Ã… ¸Ãƒ ¦Ã…“ˆÂ ·Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬  Ã‹â€ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ±Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹) and two tunes of Pride of Fishermen(à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…  Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â‚¬ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ®Ã‚ ¶Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ²Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹) and so on. These poems pay attention to describe the fighting of peoples army and the historical changes of whole society. And the last group mainly describes life and love, such as Seeing Luo Zhanglong off to Japan(à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…  Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã†â€™Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ·Ãƒ ©Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ §Ã‚ ºÃ‚ µÃƒ ¥Ã‚ ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ©Ã†â€™Ã… ½Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã…“à ¨Ã‚ ¡Ã…’à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹). These poems show the poet has the experience of death and parting, and even loneliness as normal people. In a word, no matter how classify, no matter how length it is, Maos poems create an absorbing poetic imagery with wonderful design, rich ideas and sentiments, and are good at expressing the complicated historical causes with terse language. Distinct Artistic Style Style is the unique spiritual temperament and creative personality showed in writers own works by themselves. It runs through all works of a writer, as well as every writings theme which composes the work, such as rhyme, rhythm, diction, rhetorical devices, and text structure and so on. Therefore, style is the writer (Buffon ¼Ã…’1753). Maos poetry is full of candid and vigorous artistic style. First, from the internality of poetry, Mao likes Li Bai, Li He and Li Shangyin (known as Three Li) very much, and is in especial love of poetry by Cao Cao. Their poems are full of broad minds and high aspirations, which strike a chord in Mao Zedong, for passion is the emotional characteristic in Maos life. Mao also said only writing out the writers own bosom and sentiment in poems, it can strike a responsive chord in readers and make them excited. (à ¥Ã‹â€ Ã‹Å"à ¦Ã‚ ±Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ °Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ¼Ã…’2002:19). Second, from the styles of poetry, Mao pursuits the styles of diligence, fortitude, largeness and boldness. He once said I prefer Cao Caos poems, with powerful spirits and grieving feelings, which shows him a true man. (à ¦Ã‹Å"â€Å"à ¥Ã‚ ­Ã… ¸Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¦Ã‹Å"â€Å"à §Ã‚ »Ã‚ ´Ã‚ ¼Ã…’2003 ¼Ã… ¡67). Mao also said Li Bais poems are unconstrained and imaginable, which make people relaxed and happy. So, reading Li Bais poems more could make readers open th eir minds. (à ¥Ã‹â€ Ã‹Å"à ¦Ã‚ ±Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ °Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ¼Ã…’2002:191). In all, the spirits of vigor, perseverance and self-reliance in these poems tally with Maos poetic features well. Third, from the expressions of poetry, Mao likes romantic works with rich imagination and usages of exaggeration and personification. So, Mao admires the famous poet Su Dongpo of powerful and free school in Song Dynasty very much, as well as the famous poetess Li Qingzhao of subtle and concise school. Therefore, Maos poems have characteristics of the two schools, just as he criticized himself I has a bias in favor of the style of boldness, but never totally ignore the style of gracefulness (à ¥Ã‚ ¾Ã‚ Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ¶Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ¼Ã…’1955:413). 1.1.3 Magnificent Imagery Just like other classical Chinese poems, Maos poems are tending to use various images. Mao even showed his attitude toward poetry creation in a letter to Chen Yi that poetry conveys ideas by means of images. First, on images, Mao usually expresses feelings by nature, which makes the image great and magnificent. The most used word in his poems is à ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ©(sky), such as à ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ©Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ã‚ ¥Ãƒ ¦Ã…“†°Ãƒ ¦Ã†â€™Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ©Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¦Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ §Ã‚ ±Ã‚ »Ãƒ ©Ã…“Å“Ã ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ©Ãƒ §Ã‚ «Ã… ¾Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã‚ ªÃƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚ ±, à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ ¦Ã…“ ¨Ãƒ ©Ã…“Å“Ã ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ©Ãƒ §Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¢Ãƒ §Ã†â€™Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ¼Ã‚ « and so on. à ¥Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ±(mountain) and à ©Ã‚ £Ã… ½(wind) are second, like à ¨Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ Ãƒ ©Ã‚ Ã‚ Ãƒ ©Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ±Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ºÃƒ ¦Ã…“ ªÃƒ ¨Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , à ¥Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¥Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ «Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ©Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¥Ã…  Ã‚  Ãƒ ©Ã… ¾Ã‚ ­Ãƒ ¦Ã…“ ªÃƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ©Ã… ¾Ã‚ , à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ °Ã‚ ´Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã†â€™Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ±Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ ªÃƒ §Ã‚ ­Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ©- ², à ¨Ã‚ Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ… ¸Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ©Ã‚ £Ã… ½Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ »Ã…  Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‹â€ Ãƒ ¦Ã‹Å" ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¦Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ºÃƒ ©- ´. à ¦Ã‚ ±Ã… ¸(river), à ¦Ã‚ °Ã‚ ´(water) and à ¦Ã‚ µÃ‚ ·(sea) are third. Consequently, Mao prefers things with imposing vigor, but never uses à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‹Å"à ¥Ã‚ £Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ(hill), à ¥Ã‚ °Ã‚ Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ª(stream), à ¥Ã‚ °Ã‚ Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ²Ã‚ ³(creek). Besides, Mao also prefers snow, rain, wind and frost in nature. According to statistics, there are 12 à ©Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ¨(rain), 13 à ©Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ª(snow) and 8 à ©Ã…“Å“(frost) in Maos poems. In term of à ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ©(sky), Maos usage is different from the ancients. à ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ©(sky) in classical Chinese poetry mostly mapped a gloomy and mournful image, for example, à ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ©Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ ¥Ã…“ °Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¿Ã…“à ©Ã‚ ­Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ ©Ã‚ £Ã… ¾Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ã‚ ¦Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¨Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã‹â€ Ã‚ °Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚ ³Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ±Ãƒ ©Ã… ¡Ã‚ ¾, à ¦Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ ¥Ã…  Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ©Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã‚ Ãƒ ¦Ã…  -à ¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Ã… ¾, à ©Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ Ãƒ ©Ã‚ £Ã… ¾Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¦Ã…“ˆÃ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ©, à ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã… ¡Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ °Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ ¦Ã… ¡-à ¦Ã¢â‚¬ žÂ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¯Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¥Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚ ¯Ãƒ ¦Ã…“†°Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ©Ãƒ §Ã… ¸Ã‚ ¥ or à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ©Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à §Ã‚ ¦Ã‚ »Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ©Ãƒ ¦Ã…“â‚ ¬Ãƒ ©Ã‚ «Ã‹Å" etc. instead, à ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ©(sky) in Maos poems shows a strong revolution will, and is often used to describe the glories and the foibles of man, such as à ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ©Ãƒ §Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ »Ãƒ ¥Ã…“ °Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¦Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…’à ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚ ·, à ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ½Ãƒ ©Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ²Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ­Ã…’à ¦Ã‚ ­Ã…’à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ²Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à §Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ ©Ã‚ £Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ºÃƒ ¦Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ ¤Ã‚ »Ã… ½Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ©Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ Ã‚ ½, à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚ ±Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ¡Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ©Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ §Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ ½, à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ºÃƒ ¦Ã…“†°Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ºÃƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ²Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã… ¡Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ £Ã‚ ®Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¿- ¼Ã…’à ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã‚ ¢Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ «Ãƒ ¦- ¥Ãƒ ¦Ã…“ˆÃ ¦Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢Ãƒ ¦- °Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ©, à ©Ã‚ £Ã… ¾ à ¨Ã‚ µÃ‚ ·Ãƒ §Ã… ½Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ¾Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ §Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¦Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¾-à ¥Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ¨Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ©Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¯Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ½Ã‚ » and so on, which obviously represent Maos heroic character and broad mind. Second, Maos images in his poems are colorful. Among various colors, Mao likes red best. For example, à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ Ãƒ §Ã‹â€ Ã‚ ±Ãƒ §Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¢Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ £Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒ §Ã‹â€ Ã‚ ±Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ £Ã¢â‚¬ ¦, à §Ã…“†¹Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ±Ãƒ §Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¢Ãƒ ©Ã‚ Ã‚ , à ©Ã‚ £Ã… ½Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ±Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ §Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¢Ãƒ ¦Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¦Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚ » etc. While, in à ¨Ã‚ µÃ‚ ¤Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ©Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ©Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ §Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ ©Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â‚¬Å" Ãƒ §Ã‚ ´Ã‚ «Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¨Ã‚ °Ã‚ Ãƒ ¦Ã…’ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ©Ãƒ §Ã‚ »Ã†â€™Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ½Ã¢â‚¬Å"à §Ã‚ ©Ã‚ ºÃƒ ¨Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾, metonymy is vividly used to describe rainbows magnificence with seven basic colors. At last, Mao is good at using creative and impassioned verbs to present a dynamic and exultant picture of nature. Just like à ©Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ °Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã‚ »Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ §Ã‚ ©Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¼Ã…’à ©Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ §Ã‚ ¿Ã¢â‚¬ Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ µÃ¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ºÃ¢â‚¬ ¢, à ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã‚ »(cleave) is more forceful than à ©Ã‚ £Ã… ¾(fly), while à §Ã‚ ¿Ã¢â‚¬ (glide) is quicker than à ¦Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ¸(swim). A comparatively still object will move in Maos poems. Take à ¥Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ±(mountain) for example, à ¦Ã‚ ¨Ã‚ ªÃƒ §Ã‚ ©Ã‚ ºÃƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã‚ ºÃƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸- ¼Ã…’à ¨Ã… ½Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¦Ã‹Å"† Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ, à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ±Ãƒ ©Ã‚ £Ã… ¾Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ³Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ±Ã… ¸Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¾Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¨Ã‚ ·Ã†â€™Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã…  Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ±Ãƒ ¨Ã…’ Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ¢â‚¬ ºÃƒ §Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ ¦-†¹, à ¥Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ±Ãƒ ¨Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬Å" ¶Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ¢â‚¬ ¡. à ¥Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ±(mountain) in Maos poems is not stable and silent, but could dance, fly, walk and even run, in all, with kinds of ways to move. (à ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ¾Ãƒ §Ã… ½Ã‚ ²Ãƒ §Ã… ½Ã‚ ²Ã‚ ¼Ã…’2005) Therefore, images of Maos poems are magnificent, glorious, moving and bright colors. These not only show his heroic bearing as a giant of Chinese revolution, but produce unique rich images of classical Chinese poetry. When translating Maos poems, translators should pay attention to these characteristics. 1.2 Introduction to Four Selected English Versions According to incomplete statistics, domestic versions of Maos poetry have come to more than 200 now, including Chinese versions, minority versions, foreign versions, as well as handwriting versions, copybook versions and melodization versions and so on. Among them, the most influential ones are Mao Tze-tung: Nineteen Poems, Mao Zedong Poems (37 pieces), Collection of Mao Zedongs Poem (50 pieces) published by Peoples Literature Publishing House and Collection of Mao Zedongs Poem (67 pieces) by Central Committee Documents Publishing House. Various versions of Mao poems not only make a profound and lasting influence in poetry circle, but lay a foundation for the further research. Since rhetorical devices translation in four English versions of Maos poems will be studied in this thesis. it is indispensable to know about the four selected English versions. This part will give an overall introduction to these versions; the basic information about each version will be presented in the table below: Basic publishing information about the four selected English versions Oxfords version Official version Zhaos version Xus version Translator Michael BullockJerome Chen Yuan Shuipai, Ye Junjian, Adler etc. Zhao Zhentao Xu Yuanchong Book Name Mao and the Chinese Revolutio: with Thirty-Seven Poems by Mao Tse-tung Mao Tse-tung Poems Mao Zedong Poems Selected Poems of Mao Zedong Publishing House Oxford University Press Foreign Languages Press Hunan Normal University Press China Translation Press Company Publishing place New York; London; Peking Changsha Beijing Time 1965 1976 1992 1993 Among the four versions, the former one is translated by foreigners and the latter three by Chinese. The former one is in the form of prose and the latter three are in the form of poetry with rhyme and rhythm. In the following part, more detailed information about the translator and the format and general characteristics of each version will be provided respectively for comprehensive and better understanding of their translations. 1.2.1 Oxfords Version It is the translation that doesnt come from Chinese translators, but sinologists aboard. Among these translations, the translators special position decides there never occurs any anxiety and fear, and there also has no need to bow in worship before the original author. For the subjects of translating will appear in the horizons of readers from the English-speaking world first as a literature works, the translators consider more needs of that kinds of readers when they translate. Also, it is easy to find that the translating activities by foreign scholars mainly happened in 1960s-1970s, so there will be more chance to have commons among these translations for the short time-span. In 1965, the Chinese (-Born) American scholar Jerome Chen collaborated on Mao and the Chinese Revolution: with Thirty-seven Poems by Mao Tse-tung with American scholar Michael Bullock, and published it in London and New York by Oxford University Press. As a history professor, Jerome Chen studies Chinese movement of communism and knows much about Chinas revolution and has a relatively comprehensive and deep understanding of what Maos poetry writes about. There is an introduction to Maos poems before the translations. After each translated poem, notes including the writing background and explanations of some important Chinese cultural things are given to help English readers gain a relatively complete understanding of the poems. 1.2.2 The Official Version The official translation is Mao Tse-tung poems published by Foreign Language Press in 1976. In this book, there is a photo of Mao Zedong and one of his calligraphy on the preface. The title of each poem was printed in red, while the subtitle and the lines of each poem were all printed in blank. After these translated poems, there is a NOTE ON THE VERSE FORM by translators to briefly explain the style of the poem. Because the original author Mao Zedong was occupying the leader of the nation at that time, the translating activities was held by officials and became a serious political task under the guidance of leaders from countrys most powerful office. The translation was completed by Mao Zedong poems translation group and issued by the government. All of these made the 1976 translation have great difference with others, no matter from contents or forms. 1.2.3 Zhao Zhentaos Version The name of Zhaos version is Mao Zedond Poems with thirty-nine poems. It was published by by Hunan Peoples Publishing House in 1992. There are two prefaces in the version: one is written by Han Suyin and the other by the translator himself. The translator also wrote two articles about several issues in the translated versions of Maos poetry. The two articles mainly point out the mistakes or something improper in the translated versions which show the translators carefulness and earnestness on the understanding of Maos poetry and his great faithfulness to the original especially in details. In this version, the translator adopts the form of Chinese-English contrast and provides the simple notes after each translated poem. 1.2.4 Xu Yuanchongs Version This version is named Seletced Poems of Mao Zedong containing forty-seven poems and it is published by China Translation and Publishing Corporation in 1993 for the memory of the 100th anniversary of Maos birth. In this version, there are English notes after each poem. Xu Yuanchong, the gifted and well-known poem translator, who is a professor of Beijing University and has achieved a lot in the field of translation, has idea of translating poetry with poetry. With his translation theory of three beauties, he thought the translated poem should be as beautiful as the original in sense, sound and form, and that among the three beauty, beauty in sense comes first, and beauty in sound second, and beauty in form third, and that if it is impossible to achieve all beauties at the same time, the resemblance in form will come first and then in sound as to achieve faithfulness and beauty in sense. (Xu Yuanchong, 1992) In this version, there is a photo of Mao Zedong with Mao Anqing and Shao Hua on the first page and the short preface written by them. Besides these, there is the preface written by the translator himself in both Chinese and English about his translation views and principles, mainly about the application of Three Beauty Principle in translating Maos poems. The translator also adopts the form of Chinese-English contrast and provides the English notes and some background information after each translated poem. The above versions are short for Oxfords, the Official, Zhaos and Xus separately in the following discussion. Chapter Two Reception Aesthetic Theory Review 2.1 A Brief Introduction to Reception Aesthetic Theory Reception theory is neither a general study of essence of aesthetics nor a study of criticism about literary art theory. It is rather the system of methodology concerning the study of succession of factors and laws in readers reception process, based on the theories of phenomenology and hermeneutics and aimed at readers reception in the literary work. (Davis, Linell, 2001:33) Reception aesthetics (or reception theory) was developed in German, arouse in the later of 1960s and matured in 1970s. Its main representatives are some professors from Constance University of south German, such as H.R.Jauss, W.Iser. RA broke through the traditional critical molds with writer center and works center and turned to the mold with reader center, which opened up the sight of art criticism. No matter how great difference and divarication the inside of reception aesthetics exist, there is a common basic theory, which puts readers (or reception subjects) in the central position of literature activities. According to reception aesthetics, literature is a new communication activity and it must have certain condition and place. The artworks are a medium (or tool) for artists and readers to communicate. If the words written by writers havent read by readers, they are just semi finished articles (i.e. text) and have the potential ability to be literature works, but not real ones; only read by receptionists (readers), they will be real literature works. According to this theory, writers must preset a reader (i.e. implied reader or potential reader) when writing, Literature works are regarded as a dynamic communication form between text and reader, but not a free thing. So, writing for writer is to communicate and make dialogues with his preset reader. Reception Aesthetic theory challenges traditional author centered or text centered theories which ignore the function and status of readers as well as the interaction between readers and texts. Reception theory soon spreads all over the world, and becomes a very important theory of literature and criticism. Just as Holub said, Virtually, every methodological perspective and area of literary endeavor has responded to the challenge that has raised by reception theory. (Houlb, 1984:15) 2.2 Core Concepts of Reception Aesthetics 2.2.1 Horizon of expectation Horizon of Expectation is the core conception of reception aesthetics, which refers to receptor about oriental psychological structural schema. This directional emotion is transformed from the current life and aesthetics experience, and it is a mental foundation for aesthetics, including the education level of receptor, living experience, aesthetics and literature interest, as well as experience, knowledge and works expectation formed from the familiarity about various forms and skills, which have been gotten from the whilom aesthetics experience. Among these factors forming horizon of expectation, the times, nation, culture and class where readers are make radical influence on receptors appreciation and interests. Horizon of Expectation theory points, the literature participation of any reception subjects is just a process that their horizon of expectations seek to express. Only if the works must adapt for readers horizon of expectation, they will arouse their interests and set up a channel for reception objects and subjects, then, get into the reception process. If works horizon of expectation is far away from readers, the works will lose their attraction and the channel wont be built, at last, the works will fail to make receptors get into the reception process. Translation also takes readers as objects. The direct receptor of translation is the main body of readingreaders. If there are no readers, the meaning, connotation and expression forms cannot become the objects of aesthetics, and translation also cannot have a definite object in view when conveying its information. Therefore, in this theory, readers are regarded as an important part of translating to research. 2.2.2 Fusion of horizon Since we have horizon of readers, it is not strange that horizon also includes the authors horizon and the translators horizon. The authors horizon has effect on the creation of works, which means, with different backgrounds and experiences, different authors will create different styles of works. The readers horizon mainly concerns about the process of reception. The translator, actually, has the function as a bridge. On one side, the translator is the reader who appreciates and understands the original works. On the other side, he or she is a translator. Because different translators have different background like personality, skill, education, interest, views to the world and so on. So, the translators version and recognition about translation activity and original works will be diverse. In order to let the translated versions be accepted, the translator should develop his translation skills and strategies to cater to the readers horizon. The activity of fusion of horizon happens between past experiences which are contained in the original works and present interests of its nowadays readers. It is a dynamic process. 2.2.3 Indeterminacy and blank of meaning Iser mainly focuses on the gap or indeterminacy of the text. To Iser, the most important difference between a literary and a non-literary work is just the indeterminacies that have contained in the works. There are lots of indeterminacy that constitutes the most important elements for literary works, Meaning is not contained in the text itself, but rather is generated during the reading process. It is neither purely textual nor totally subjective, but the result of an interaction between the two: the extent of our participation and the degree of the works determinacy defines the type of text with which we are dealing (Selden, 1986: 327-329). It is the existence of these blanks and gaps that force and stimulate readers to recreate and concrete. Iser proposes that literary works have two poles: artistic pole and aesthetic pole, in which, the artistic pole just means the original text created by the author, the aesthetic pole is about the realization of meaning carried out by the readers. The meaning of one certain work can only be realized through the activity that readers fill in the indeterminacy during reading. When readers read the works, they will commonly make prediction or pre-judgment. When encountered with blanks or gaps, they will fill them up actively from they own creativity, skills and so on. This process is the so called concretization of reading. In the creation of literary works, the author usually describes the main features of the text fully and clearly, while at the same time, omits purposely some unimportant features or clues and leaves them to the reader for aesthetic effect and semantic function. When Jauss was doing research on the role of literature in history, Iser decided to analyze and study the reading process and the role of readers. In Isers mind, it is the reader who helps to form the meaning of text by filling in blanks or gaps. 2.2.4 Implied reader Maybe the most distinctive feature of reception aesthetics is its emphasis on the notion of readers. Different readers have different horizon of expectations before activity of reading. It is not strange that different understanding may occur toward the same literary work. To the theorists of reception theory, literary works are created for readers; readers help to realize the meaning of literary works to a large extent. It is the historical position of literary works. Implied reader roots deeply in the textual structure, the emergence of textually and structurally anticipated acceptor and there is no need to define the acceptor. (Iser, 1971:19). Iser asks for an actual reader or empirical reader, but doesnt consider the expression of the reader. The relationship of implied reader and the text is the central focus for Iser, The implied reader embodies all those predispositions necessary for a literary work to exercise its effect predispositions laid down, not by an empirical outside reality, but by the text itself. Consequently, the implied reader as a concept has his roots firmly planted in the structure of the text; he is a construct and in no way to be identified with any real reader (Zhu Gang, 1998:116). Reception aesthetics believes that the process of literary creation is not a self completed task, it is not self-sufficient. The process is also an activity that helps to communicate thoughts, ideas, and emotions and so on to the other people. Literary works can only be seen as a possible existence before being read and understood. Only after the reception of readers can literary works significance be realized. While during the process of reception, the receptive activity is not a passive one but an initiative one. The readers not just simply read the works, but he or she will fill in the gaps and indeterminacies with his or her own imagination, life experiences, interests, etc. Without participation of the reader, literary works are not true. The aesthetic sense and function of literary can be achieved only through the interaction with readers. It is the reader that creates the beauty and vitality of literary works persistent. 2.2.5 Appealing structure The concept of Appealing structure is put forward firstly by Edmund Husserls student Roman Ingarden. Iser has absorbed many ideas from Ingarden, among which, the concept of indeterminacy and blanks were Isers focal point. It is the existence of indeterminacy which links the writers ideas in the process of writing and the readers reception ideas in the process of reading that make literary works lively and vital à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦only through readers effort can the writers ideas shown in the text be actualized or concretized in different ways and reappear in different looks in readers mind. Indeterminacy of the text and vacancy of meaning urges readers to look for the meaning of the text; as a result, readers are given the right to participate in forming the meaning: the meaning is the result of an interaction between text and reader rather hides in the text to wait to be discovered. Thus an open text and its meaning blanks form the basic structure of the text, which is what we called ap pealing structure. (Houlb, 1984:25). In conclusion, reception aesthetics breaks through the traditional text-centered theories and establishes readers-centered viewpoint. It proposes that the meaning of literary works is depended on the readers. The dynamic interaction of the readers previous experiences and the text gives birth to the concept of the readers response. The readers imagination and interpretation can be fully realized from the indeterminacy and gaps that are contained in the text. The appealing structure forces the readers to participate in the interaction with the text and to actualize the hidden meaning of the text. To reception theorist, literatures historical significance lies in the readers pre-experience which joins literature to history. Different readers with different background, interests, education, aesthetic abilities and so on will interpret the same text differently. Reception aesthetics is either important to literature theory or to criticism. Just as Jauss mentioned, Reception Aesthetics opened a view the possibility of renewing literary history, exhausted and mired in positivism, by giving it the task of seeking a new understanding of the history of literature as a communication process between all three parties, namely, the author, t